|
| |
|
-
2013 - |
|
Jan. 10,
2013 |
No
TeleSeminar--Holiday Schedule |
|
Jan. 24 |
Host: Duane
Boning,
Professor of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Associate Head, EECS
Department, MIT
Presented by:
Sanha
Kim, PhD candidate in Mechanical Engineering, MIT
Topic title:
"Scratching by pad asperities in chemical-mechanical polishing"
Abstract: Despite the universal usage of
chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) in the manufacture of Integrated
Circuits (IC) and Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), one of the
problems in CMP is the unintended scratching of the surface being polished.
It has recently been shown that the primary sources of the scratches are not
only due to the agglomerated, hard particles but also due to the soft pad
asperities. In this talk, I will present the pad scratching models that are
developed based on contact mechanics, and the experimental results on both
monolithic and Cu/low-k patterned layers that validates the theoretical
expectations. (PDF) |
|
Feb. 7 |
Host:
Rockford Draper, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and
Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Dallas
Presented by: Steven Nielsen, Department of
Chemistry, University of Texas-Dallas
Topic title:
"Carbon-based nanoparticle ESH : dispersibility and aggregation in lipid
membranes"
Abstract:
Carbon-based
nanoparticles (CNPs), such as spherical fullerenes and carbon nanotubes,
have many potential applications but attention needs to be paid to their ESH
impact.
The toxicity of CNPs remains disputable. This
controversy is partly due to the variation of the CNP size, shape,
functionalization, and aggregation state in different experiments.
Some researchers have suggested that CNT aggregation is
a key toxicity factor while others have made a link between CNT water
dispersibility (through lipid bilayer vs. water partitioning) and toxicity.
This seminar will focus on CNT dispersibility and
aggregation in lipid membranes, which is a simple model system often used to
investigate some of the above issues. However, as we will see, even results
using this model system are contentious. (PDF) |
|
Feb. 21 |
Host:
Farhang Shadman, Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona
Presented by: Manish Keswani, Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Arizona
Topic title:
"Fundamentals of Megasonic Cleaning and Common Techniques Used for Measuring
Acoustic Cavitation"
Abstract:
Megasonic cleaning is one of the
common techniques used for removal of particles from wafer surfaces in
semiconductor industry. With the advancement of technology node to 22 nm and
lower, the feature size is becoming increasingly small and fragile while the
requirements for cleaning are becoming more stringent. In order to be able
to continue the use of megasonic technology for wafer cleaning, it is
essential to understand the phenomena of acoustic cavitation which is known
to play an important role in particle removal as well as feature damage. In
the first part of the presentation, fundamentals of stable and transient
cavitation pertinent to wafer cleaning will be discussed. The second part of
the presentation will include discussion on use of acoustic emission and
sonoluminescence based techniques for characterization of acoustic
cavitation and correlation to particle removal and feature damage. (PDF) |
|
Mar. 7 |
No TeleSeminar--Annual Review Meeting-Preparation |
|
Mar. 21 |
No TeleSeminar--Annual Review Meeting |
|
April 4 |
No TeleSeminar -- Post-Annual Review Meeting |
|
April 18 |
Host: Shyam
Aravamudhan, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University
Presented by: Jerzy Leszczynski, Professor and
President's Distinguished Fellow, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Jackson State University
Topic title: "Toxicity of Nanomaterials - Development of New
Theoretical Approaches at the JSU Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center"
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is
expanding rapidly, but development of novel materials synthesized at the
‘nano’ scale should be always accompanied by a comprehensive assessment of
risk to human health and to environmental ecosystems. It is vital to be able
to predict possible environmental impact of new nanomaterials before their
mass production and application. This is one of the vital goals of the
supported by the NSF for the last five years Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity
Center at the Jackson State University.
We believe that the Computational Chemistry is able to
provide various tools to evaluate interaction of nanomaterials with
biomolecules, shed a light on mechanisms of such phenomena, and predict
toxicity of nano sized species. We suppose that there is a strong need to
develop “nano descriptors” i.e. novel and reproducible ways of representing
the structures and/or physical properties of nanoparticles that are suitable
for distinctive grouping these types of chemicals. This will facilitate
development of QSARs that could reliable predict their characteristics and
activities. A conceptual framework for grouping NPs should be considered as
a first step in identifying QSARs that are applicable within each group. Due
to high variability in the molecular structure and different mechanisms of
action, individual groups of nanoparticles should be modeled separately. In
each case, according to the general QSAR rules, the applicability domain of
the models should be carefully validated.
Our recent ab initio study reveals details of
interactions of gold clusters, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes with DNA
bases and base pairs. Direct prediction of toxicity of unknown nanomaterials
could be done using QSAR models developed for a test set of compounds
characterized experimentally. Based on experimental testing we developed and
tested novel interpretative nano-QSAR model describing cytotoxicity of 17
nano-sized metal oxides to bacteria Escherichia coli. The proposed
model allows us to formulate a hypothesis that mechanistically explains
differences in toxicity between the individual oxides.
(PDF) |
|
May 2 |
Host: Alex
Tropsha and Denis Fourches, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Presented by: Drs. Karmann Mills and Kimberly Guzan, RTI
International, Center for Aerosol and Nanotechnology Engineering, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina
Topic title: The Nanomaterial Registry: An growing data
repository for well-characterized nanomaterials"
Abstract: (No abstract) (PDF) |
|
May 16 |
Host:
Jane Chang, Professor
and Associate Dean, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of
California-Los Angeles.
Presented by:
Jane Chang,
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles
Topic title: “Assessment of
etch chemistries for magnetic metal elements and alloys”
Abstract:
In this work, a thermodynamic approach is used to assess the feasibility of
various etch chemistries, beginning with the consideration of reactions
between the dominant vapor phase/condensed species and the surface at
various temperatures and reactant partial pressures. The volatility of etch
product was determined to aid the selection of viable etch chemistry
leading to improved etch rate of reactive ion etching process. Specifically,
a few important magnetic metals are considered along with various halogen
and organometallic based chemistries. In addition, the vapor pressure
enhancement induced by adding secondary gas such as hydrogen has also been
studied. (PDF) |
|
May 30 |
Host:
James Ranville,
Department of
Chemistry and Geochemistry, Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA),
Colorado School of
Mines; [Paul Westerhoff, ASU]
Presented by:
James Ranville,
Colorado School of
Mines
Topic title: "Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Analysis
Using ICPMS"
Abstract: In recent years the array of techniques
available for particle size analysis of nanoparticles (NPs) has grown and
matured significantly. For pristine NPs, dispersed in simple aqueous media,
methods based on diffusion coefficient, particle mass, or optical properties
all can give reliable size estimates, with fairly short analysis time. A
significant challenge arises when the NP characteristics, and/or the matrix
in which the NP is dispersed becomes more complex. If nanometrology is to
inform investigations of nanosafety, where these more complex situations are
likely to be the norm, these challenges must be addressed. The presence of
interfering background particles, changes in NP composition leading to
uncertain bulk and surface properties, and both hetero- and homoaggregation
all challenge our techniques. A further challenge lies in the low
concentrations expected in environmental and biological systems.
Using techniques that are element specific, including
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) provides some
assistance in meeting the challenge of working with NPs in
“real-world” situations. Its low detection limits, in addition to its
elemental specificity, makes ICP-MS a powerful tool for detection,
characterization, and quantification of metal-containing NPs. Important NP
metrics including size and polydisersity can be examined if ICP-MS
is coupled to field flow fractionation (FFF-ICPMS) or operated in a
time-resolved (single particle) mode of data collection (spICPMS). This
talk will introduce the basic principles of these new methods and focus
primarily on the challenges to nanometrology in working with “real-world”
sample matrices. (PDF) |
|
June 13 |
Host: Farhang Shadman,
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona
Presented by: Armin Sorooshian, Asst. Professor, Chemical and
Environmental Engineering/Atmospheric
Sciences, University of Arizona
Topic title: "Chasing
Aerosol Particles Down to Nano Sizes"
Abstract:
Aerosol
particles range in size from a few nanometers up to several micrometers in
diameter and can consist of tens of thousands of species. Although they are
so small, they have very important effects. For example, they directly
interact with solar radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei, which
are the seeds of cloud droplets. Consequently, particles influence the
earth’s radiation balance, atmospheric visibility, the hydrologic cycle, and
the biogeochemical cycling and transport of nutrients and contaminants.
Particles also negatively impact public health and can be a hazard in
working environments such as with semiconductor manufacturing. This talk
will report on the relevant aerosol properties that impact their transport,
effects, and fate. Measurement capabilities will be introduced with examples
from recent field projects in the atmosphere
(PDF) |
|
June 27 |
Host:
Kai Loon Chen,
Department
of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
Presented by:
Khanh An Huynh, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University
Topic title: "Rates
and Mechanisms of Heteroaggregation Between Carbon Nanotubes and Hematite
Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments"
Abstract:
Because
carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have extraordinary physical, chemical, and
electrical properties, they have been increasingly used in consumer products
and industrial applications. During the manufacture, use, and disposal of
CNT-containing products, these nanotubes could be released into aquatic
environments and potentially cause adverse effects on microorganisms,
ecology, and even human health. To understand the environmental fate and
transport of CNTs, previous studies conducted ideal aggregation experiments
between CNTs (homoaggregation) and reported that CNT homoaggregation
depended on nanotube surface charge and solution chemistry, such as
electrolyte concentrations, pH, and the presence of natural organic matter.
However, in reality, the aggregation between naturally occurring colloids
and CNTs (heteroaggregation) is expected to control the fate and transport
of CNTs since the concentrations of naturally occurring colloids are much
higher than that of CNTs. As a result, the understanding of CNT fate and
transport in the environments is still very limited.
Because of these reasons, the heteroaggregation
between negatively charged CNTs and positively charged hematite
nanoparticles (HemNPs, a naturally occurring colloid) was the main focus of
this study. All the experiments were conducted at pH 5.2 and low ionic
strength to obtain exclusive CNT-HemNP heteroaggregation. With a fixed HemNP
concentration of 0.44 mg/L, the heteroaggregation rates over a broad range
of CNT/HemNP mass concentration ratio (CNT/HemNP ratio) were determined
using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. By observing actual
heteroaggregate structures with cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
technique, the mechanisms of heteroaggregation were then elucidated.
The growth rate of CNT-HemNP heteroaggregates was
initially found to increase with the increase in CNT/HemNP ratio until it
reached the highest value at an optimal CNT/HemNP ratio of 0.0316. The
maximum heteroaggregation rate was 3.3 times higher than the homoaggregation
rate of HemNPs in the diffusion-limited regime. It was expected that the
bridging of HemNPs by CNT strands was the mechanism of heteroaggregation at
this stage. When the CNT/HemNPs ratio was further increased, a blocking
mechanism was likely to occur as the heteroaggregation rates decreased
significantly. In the presence of humic acid, similar dependency of
heteroaggregation rates on CNT/HemNP ratios were also observed. However, the
maximum heteroaggregation rates were smaller at higher humic acid
concentrations, which could be explained by the decrease in available HemNP
surface for CNT to attach to through favorable electrostatic interaction.
(PDF) |
|
July 11 |
Host:
Paul Westerhoff,
School of Sustainable
Engineering and The Built Environment,
Civil, Environmental and
Sustainable Engineering Program, Arizona State University
Presented by:
Kyle
Doudrick,
School of Sustainable
Engineering and The Built Environment,
Civil, Environmental and
Sustainable Engineering Program, Arizona State University
Topic title:
"Carbon Nanotube and Graphene
Quantification"
Abstract:
Carbon
nanotube (CNT) and graphene production is rapidly growing, and there is a
need for robust analytical methods to quantify these in complex matrices.
For this talk, I will discuss in detail our method for extraction and
quantification of CNTs and graphene in complex matrices. Using a classical
air pollution technique (thermal optical transmittance), we developed a
thermal analysis quantification method specifically for CNTs and graphene
termed programmed thermal analysis (PTA). This method operates on the basis
that CNTs and graphene can be separated thermally from other forms of carbon
because they are more thermodynamically stable. An evaluation of the thermal
properties of CNTs and graphene revealed two classes: thermally “weak” and
“strong.” Some multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), and
graphene oxide were classified as weak. All MWCNTs with a high crystallinity,
graphene, and reduced graphene oxide were classified as strong. Most aqueous
matrices (dispersants, surface water, wastewater, and urine) interfered some
with the weak CNTs and none with the strong CNTs. CNTs and graphene embedded
in solid matrices (e.g., rat lung tissue, composites) and those with large
amounts of interfering background elemental carbon (e.g., sediment) were
difficult to quantify with PTA alone and there was a need to develop
extraction techniques. We demonstrate a procedure for developing such an
extraction method using rat lung tissue as an example. The ability of
various chemical treatment methods, including Solvable (2.5% sodium
hydroxide/surfactant mixture), ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric
acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and
proteinase K, to extract CNTs from rat lung tissue was evaluated. The
recovery efficiency of each of the eight chemical reagents studied was found
to depend on the ability to (1) minimize oxidation of CNTs, (2) remove
interfering background carbon from the rat lung tissue, and (3) separate the
solid-phase CNTs from the liquid-phase dissolved tissue via centrifugation.
A two-step extraction method using Solvable and proteinase K emerged as the
optimal approach, enabling a recovery of 93 ± 15% of a 2.8 ± 0.44 µg CNT
loading that was spiked into whole rat lungs. (PDF) |
|
July 25 |
Host: Shyam
Aravamudhan, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina
A&T State University and The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Presented by:
Stacey Harper, Assistant
Professor, ONAMI Signature Faculty Fellow, Department of Environmental and
Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University
Topic title: "Integrative
Nanotoxicology: Linking Rapid Assays and Informatics to Predict
Nanomaterial –Biological Interactions"
Intro:
This talk by an
experimental toxicologist will address the challenges of capturing metrics
of biological response from rapid-throughput systems and distilling response
data down to statistically and biologically meaningful parameters. Her
research utilizes an integrative approach to strategically target
structure-activity relationships by leveraging nanomaterial characterization
and toxicity data using informatics. She will discuss the challenges in
identifying the inherent material properties that govern nanomaterial-biological
interactions and defining key drivers for nanomaterial toxicity. She will
also highlight some of the success stories that have resulted from community
driven standardization efforts. (PDF) |
|
Aug. 8 |
Host: Rocky
Draper,
Departments
of Molecular & Cell Biology and Chemistry,
University of Texas at Dallas
Presented by:
Donald R. Baer, Lead Scientist Interfacial Chemistry, EMSL Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA
Topic title: “Ceria
Nanoparticles: Environmental Impacts on Particle Properties and Potential
Effects on Biological Systems”
Abstract: Cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles are widely
studied for their current and potential use in catalytic, energy, electronic
materials, environmental protection and bio-medical applications. The
performance of ceria in many of these applications depends on the ability of
cerium to switch between +3 and +4 oxidation states. Our research involves
examination of the properties of ceria nanoparticles as they apply to
materials science research and impact biological systems. We have
synthesized ceria nanoparticles by several solution growth processes as well
as examined the impacts of the wide variety of other processes described in
the literature. This paper summarizes some of our observations of the impact
that synthesis route, processing conditions, storage and environmental
conditions have on the properties of ceria nanoparticles. An examination of
the biological impacts of ceria nanoparticles indicates that larger faceted
ceria particles that have been heated are more likely to have adverse
consequences, while smaller particles synthesized at room temperature and
never removed from solution often have anti-oxidative behaviors. Smaller
particles are highly dynamic in nature changing their oxidation state not
just as a function of size, but also as a function of aging (time) and
environmental conditions. During particle nucleation and growth in
solution, both the particle size and oxidation state change with time. This
type of observation suggests that interpretations of experimental results
based primarily on particle size will be misleading at best. It is possible
to vary the rates of oxidation state change by varying the properties of the
solution used for synthesis. We have also found that small variations in
synthesis such as changing the source of chemicals, altering the water
source or changing from clean glassware to sterilized plastic containers for
biological studies can alter the character of particles formed as well as
their stability. Smaller particles are particularly susceptible to change
and Raman and XRD studies suggest that these changes can be more complex
than initially anticipated. Because synthesis, analysis and relevant
operational conditions often place particles in different environments,
understanding how particles change as a function of time in different
environments is essential to predicting their properties. In such cases,
aging time and environmentally induced changes in particles may play a
significant role in the results reported and hence lead to discrepancies
reported in various studies.
(PDF) |
|
Aug. 22 |
Host: Ara
Philipossian, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona
Presented by:
Xiaoyan Liao,
PhD candidate in Chemical Engineering, University of Arizona
Topic title: "Analysis
of Large Pad Surface Contact Area in Copper Chemical Mechanical
Planarization"
Abstract:
The large pad
surface contact area and its role in copper CMP were investigated. Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the individual large pad
surface contact areas were induced by fractured pore walls and loosely
attached pad debris. Simulation results indicated that individual large
contact areas corresponded to very low values of the Young’s modulus (about
50 MPa). A case study was presented to illustrate the role of the individual
large contact area of IC1000 K-groove pad in copper CMP. Results confirmed
that the individual large contact area had minimal contribution to removal
rate and indicated that the removal rate was mainly caused by small
individual contact areas. In our case, small contact areas corresponded to
those smaller than 9 square microns. We believe that this methodology can be
also applied for other kinds of pad, although the threshold values that may
define ‘SMALL’ and ‘LARGE’ individual contact areas for different pads and
processes need to be further investigated. (PDF) |
|
Sept. 5 |
No
TeleSeminar |
|
Sept. 19 |
No
TeleSeminar
|
|
Oct. 3 |
Host:
Paul Westerhoff, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built
Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University
Presented by: Yu Yang, Postdoc Research Associate, School of
Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of
Engineering, Arizona State University
Topic title: "Cloud-Point Extraction and Characterization of
Nanomaterials from Water"
Abstract:
Increasing application
of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in industry and consumer products will
inevitably lead to the release of them to water environment. To characterize
the nanomaterials efficiently in water, a fast and simple method is needed
to enrich nanomaterials from water without altering their shape and size.
Cloud-point extraction (CPE) by Triton 114 demonstrated the ability to
enrich gold nanoparticle from nanopure water about 18 times while preserving
the size and shape. A series of CPEs were conducted to extract nanomaterials
from diversity sources of water, including Salt River, Verde River, influent
and effluent from a local water and wastewater treatment plant, and Saguaro
Lake. Transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy was applied to characterize the nanoparticles enriched in
organic phase. The most abundant nanoparticles identified so far were silica
and titanium containing particles with diameter in the range 4-99 nm. Other
nanoparticles ranged from 30-65 nm contained a list of major elements,
including calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and
chloride. Further research is needed to track the sources of nanoparticles
identified and justify their potential eco-toxicity on aqueous environment.
(PDF) |
|
Oct. 17 |
Host:
Kai Loon Chen, Asst. Professor, Department of Geography and
Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
Presented by:
Peng Yi, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Geography and
Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
Topic title: "Release of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes from Silica
Surfaces”
Abstract: Deposition and remobilization (or release) of carbon
nanotube (CNTs) on natural solid surfaces are two key processes that control
the fate and transport of CNTs in surface and ground water systems. While
the mechanisms for the deposition of CNTs on environmental surfaces have
been investigated, the influence of solution chemistry on the remobilization
of CNTs from environmental surfaces is still not well understood. In this
study, the remobilization of deposited multiwalled CNTs (MWNTs) from silica
surfaces was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with
dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). MWNTs were deposited on silica surfaces
under favorable deposition conditions and then exposed to different solution
chemistries to induce the remobilization of MWNTs. Throughout the
deposition and remobilization processes, the mass of the deposited MWNTs was
monitored and obtained through Voigt-based modeling. Our results show that
deposited MWNTs were released when the electrolyte concentrations (either
CaCl2 or NaCl) were decreased under neutral pH conditions. The release of
MWNTs was attributed to an increase in electrostatic repulsion between MWNTs
and silica surfaces which in turn resulted in a decrease in the depth of the
primary energy minimum. The fraction of deposited MWNTs that were
remobilized increased stepwise when the electrolyte concentrations of the
elution solutions were sequentially decreased, which was likely due to the
heterogeneity in surface charge densities of MWNTs. The degrees of MWNT
remobilization resulting from a sequential decrease in NaCl concentration
were lower at pH 4.0 than at 7.1 due to the smaller electrostatic repulsion
experienced between MWNTs and silica surfaces at pH 4.0. Decreasing pH from
7.1 to 4.0 in the presence of 1.5 mM CaCl2 resulted in significant MWNT
remobilization, possibly due to the elimination of calcium bridging between
the carboxyl groups on MWNTs and the silanol groups on silica surfaces with
the decrease in pH. In addition to the degree of MWNT release, the kinetics
of MWNT release was also investigated. Both the fraction of deposited MWNTs
that could be released and the release rate coefficient of releasable MWNTs
are important parameters for describing the first-order release kinetics of
MWNTs. The release rate coefficient of releasable MWNTs increased with
decreasing CaCl2 concentration probably due to the decrease in the height of
energy barrier for releasable MWNTs. Moreover, the release rate coefficient
decreased when the surface concentration of deposited MWNTs was over 1000 ng/cm2,
probably due to the formation of surface-bound MWNT aggregates which have
lower diffusion coefficients than individual MWNT strands. (PDF) |
|
Oct. 31 |
No TeleSeminar--Holiday Schedule |
|
Nov. 14 |
Host:
Paul Pantano,
Department of Chemistry, Bionanosciences Group, and Alan G. MacDiarmid
NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas
Presented by: Michael Yukica,
Research Chemist, The University of Texas at Dallas
Topic title: "Differentiation
of Carbon Nanotube and Particulate Matter Contamination on Workplace
Surfaces using microProbe Raman Spectroscopy"
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
have unique electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties with
applications in the electronics, defense, automotive, and aerospace
industries. Driven by these applications, the global production capacity of
CNTs is expected to exceed 12,800 metric tons by 2016 (source: Nanowerk
Spotlight, October 2011). The large-scale synthesis of CNTs generates a
fine powder, or soot, and it is this dry soot that causes the greatest
concerns with respect to occupational exposure. Potential workplace
contamination by CNT soot comes from a variety of possible sources including
the cleaning of CNT reactor ovens, packaging, and end point usage. A major
concern in a research laboratory setting is contamination when the soot is
being weighed since this operation can introduce CNTs into the air. Our
group has been refining standard operating protocols (SOPs) for the safe
handling and disposal of CNTs, but still, the question remains if this
training is effective. Therefore, the goal of my research project has been
to develop a rapid, sensitive, and selective method to sample and test for
the presence of CNTs on workplace surfaces where CNT soot has been handled.
Raman spectroscopy was chosen for this endeavor since there are a number of
characteristic CNT Raman peaks that can be used to differentiate CNTs from
other particulate matter. Findings and recommendations will be presented
following the analysis of an analytical balance workstation where a number
of researchers weigh a variety of carbon nanomaterial powders (e.g., CNTs,
fullerenes, graphite, graphene, and graphene oxide). (PDF) |
|
Nov. 28 |
No TeleSeminar--Holiday
Schedule |
|
Dec. 12 |
No TeleSeminar--Holiday
Schedule |
|
Dec. 26 |
No
TeleSeminar--Holiday Schedule |
|
|
|
|
